Two-Dimensional Numerical Analysis for TBM Tunneling-Induced Structure Settlement: A Proposed Modeling Method and Parametric Study

The construction of tunnels in densely populated urban areas poses a significant challenge terms anticipating the settlement that may result from tunnel excavation. This paper presents new and more realistic modeling method for excavation using Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). is compared with other reference methods validated model subsurface excavated by TBM slurry shield. A parametric study conducted to investigate impact key parameters, including structure width, foundation depth, eccentricity, load on structure, overburden diameter, tunnel–soil–structure interaction resulting settlements. results reveal depth have settlements, values 22.5%, 17%, 7.1%, respectively. Finally, proposes an equation predicting maximum considering critical parameters. validity evaluated comparing its outputs various case studies, newly model, two real-life centrifuge tests. indicate high level consistency between calculated measured